US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political science. It is the subject and channel of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations. Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences; hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy. In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world community. One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community; yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics. Some of the most common and practiced international theories include â€Å"Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29. Introduction Having briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of America, and that taken by the European Union. For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations. The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict. As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of ‘Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism,’ Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation. The international relations theory of realism being the most widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of ‘Constructivism’. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations. The primary distinction between the theory of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory. Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In Brief  International Theory of Realism One of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively. A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real; and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a suitable balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury. Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners â€Å"who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarck’s efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanity’s first ever global tragedies, that of World War I. Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of â€Å"Realism â€Å"includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthau’s Theory of Realism are: International relations †¦is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. The key consideration †¦is the concept of interest defined in terms of power’. †¦Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance. While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state. The moral aspirations of a particular nation†¦ are not moral laws that govern the universe. Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1) International Theory of Realism In-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism â€Å"reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government. This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism â€Å"further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in turn call for ensuring the state’s security. Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be determined by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s. The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of â€Å"Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) A further insight into the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states ‘align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity. The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism ‘assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state. The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Neo-Realism There exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of ‘Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism ‘school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various ‘structural properties of the international system’ which focuses on the distribution of power. The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided. In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only. As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the ‘security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics) Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state. Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Constructivism The theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992). Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings. The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties. Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theory’s limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations. On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998) The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the preceding lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385) The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182) International Relation Theory of Liberalism Unlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy†, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations. In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992) Brief Historical Background The above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms â€Å"as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety. Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe. A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades; the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture. Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005; Lynn, 1993) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in Brief A brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland within Palestine. The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts. The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe. One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel. The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948. The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state. An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue. Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed. The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured. In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources. As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America. Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001) The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end. Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually. One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political science. It is the subject and channel of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations. Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences; hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy. In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world community. One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community; yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics. Some of the most common and practiced international theories include â€Å"Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29. Introduction Having briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of America, and that taken by the European Union. For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations. The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict. As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of ‘Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism,’ Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation. The international relations theory of realism being the most widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of ‘Constructivism’. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations. The primary distinction between the theory of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory. Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In Brief  International Theory of Realism One of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively. A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real; and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a suitable balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury. Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners â€Å"who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarck’s efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanity’s first ever global tragedies, that of World War I. Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of â€Å"Realism â€Å"includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthau’s Theory of Realism are: International relations †¦is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. The key consideration †¦is the concept of interest defined in terms of power’. †¦Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance. While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state. The moral aspirations of a particular nation†¦ are not moral laws that govern the universe. Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1) International Theory of Realism In-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism â€Å"reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government. This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism â€Å"further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in turn call for ensuring the state’s security. Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be determined by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s. The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of â€Å"Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) A further insight into the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states ‘align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity. The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism ‘assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state. The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Neo-Realism There exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of ‘Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism ‘school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various ‘structural properties of the international system’ which focuses on the distribution of power. The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided. In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only. As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the ‘security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics) Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state. Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Constructivism The theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992). Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings. The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties. Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theory’s limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations. On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998) The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the preceding lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385) The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182) International Relation Theory of Liberalism Unlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy†, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations. In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992) Brief Historical Background The above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms â€Å"as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety. Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe. A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades; the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture. Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005; Lynn, 1993) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in Brief A brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland within Palestine. The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts. The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe. One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel. The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948. The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state. An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue. Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed. The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured. In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources. As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America. Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001) The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end. Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually. One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel

Advantages of Television Essay

Nowadays, many people all over the world spend most of their free time watching television. No one can deny the fact that, there is a television in almost every home. It is one of the most common entertainments for people all over the world. However, since its arrival, television has brought to man, many advantages. First and foremost, television plays an important role in our daily activities. It keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through television are more vivid than those through books and magazines. This is because we can watch these events which are sometimes aired on live telecast. Apart from that, television helps us enrich our spiritual lives. Our knowledge is broadened in many ways. Through language teaching programs , we can learn the language we like, such as, English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish. We can also brush up our skills through various programs in television. We can become skillful at doing jobs, baking cakes or arranging flowers through practical programs taught on television. It is also undeniable that, television is a source of recreation. Humorous stories and funny films bring us minutes of relaxation after a hard day’s work. For me, sitting comfortably in an armchair to watch an international football match on television is more interesting than having to queue for tickets at a crowded stadium. In a nutshell, television is indeed useful to us when we know how to use it. Nevertheless, be careful not to overindulge ourselves in it and use in a discerning manner. Advantages of television Essay Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day (*). Whether it is together with friends and family, in between and parallel to other activities (while cooking, while ironing etc. ) or as part of a moment alone while relaxing, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmes themselves. Advantages Of Television Essay Positive: Literacy, Democratization of Information, Enrichment of Culture. In this era, also known as information age, Television plays significant role in disseminating information and shaping people’s opinions. Since its invention television has been used for several different purposes including, broadcasting information, imparting knowledge and providing entertainment masses. Television has a lot of positive effects on society and culture. Television has played an important role in child as well as adult literacy. Studies show that people are able to understand and memorize information better if they see visual images. As compared to radio programmers, which broadcast only voice, television programmers provide voice as well visuals which help the audience get a better understanding. For example, it is difficult to express and understand how the letters of alphabet look like via a radio program, on the contrary through television program people will be able to better understand because they will not only be able to hear the sound but also see how the letter looks like. Another advantage of television is information democratization. This means that television has made it easier to access and learn new information which was not available in public domain and used to be passed on from father to son and from mother to daughter. Disadvantages of television: Wastage of time, Disinformation, Violence. On the other hand television can have a significant negative impact on society and culture. Wastage of time: The first disadvantage is that many people do not realize how much time they spend watching television if you spend one hour a day watching television. That is 365 hours a year and 3607 hours in ten years. You can only imagine what you could do with that time. Some television programs may encourage violence within society especially among youth for example, war movies that young children are often exposed too. Many of us find shows with crime or violence entertaining but these are not suitable for children of young ages. These scenes are practically common  on crime dramas. Children may not intentionally be being exposed but by simply being in or near the same room as an older child or adult watching the program. With children being exposed to these scenes it can corrupt there innocent minds leading them in some extreme cases become violent to other children. It can also lead to more permanent problems such as violence or evil thoughts well into adulthood. Fortunately this can be easily avoided or reversed by not allowing young children to view these programs by placing them in a different room from the television or sending them to bed. Another disadvantage of television, is Spreading disinformation among the masses is For example, a lot of countries resort to providing incorrect news for shaping and direct public opinion as well as distracting from real issues. In the end, television plays a very important role as a tool for broadcasting information to masses. It has the potential to change the way people think and therefore depending on its use it can either be beneficial or prove disastrous for society. It is therefore important to be discrete the use of television†¦

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) Essay - 1326 Words

Hunger, a feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by a lack of food, is a worldwide issue that affects people who are not fortunate enough to buy food products. Most people in developing countries, such as Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and India, experience malnutrition due to the citizen’s inability to buy and produce nutritional foods. There have been alternatives, such as genetically modified organisms, that could possibly end world hunger. Genetically modified organisms are any organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. There are a few research critiques who believe that GMOs have an adverse effect on human health, but there have been short studies to prove that these genetically modified products have benefited global countries food intake and distribution. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are the new advancing technology which will solve world hunger issues, since these foods are affordable and environmentally friendly, but GMOs can harm citizens due to a lack of testing from researchers. The discussion around genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is broad and intense on both sides. One of the major arguments in favor of GMOs is the potential for environmental success. Farmers must continuously drive their tractors across the field to apply chemical insecticides and herbicides resulting in the burning of a large amount of fuel. For example, conventional farmers in Bangladesh must spray their eggplant cropsShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a ce rtain chemicalRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Or Gmos, Are Genetically966 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs, are genetically modified plants, animals, or microorganisms whose genetic information has been modified by DNA-editing methods such as DNA splicing or gene modification. This modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, or bacterial genes that are not found in nature (GMO Facts). It is the right of the consumer to know exactly what they are consuming. However, in the United States, it is not required that food containing GMOs has to be labeledRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )996 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are seeds that are genetically altered in a laboratory before being planted. Later on, they grow into genetically modified (GM) foods. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) A GMO is a plant-based organism, such as seed. However, it has: Genes that are altered to act in a certain way that does not naturally happen OR Contains genes from another plant-based organism History Since 1994, about 85 GM foods have been approved for sale in Canada. This includes GM foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1236 Words   |  5 PagesLayla Sugawara 4/12/15 9/Fe Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetics has been altered by some form of technology. GMOs were first developed from the idea of selective breeding or artificial selection. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans purposely breed two selected organisms to reproduce a offspring with a desired trait. The beginning of genetic engineering is unclear. Before the 1900s, some farmers and naturalistsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Or Gmos1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthese innovation scientists have been working with are genetically modified organisms, or GMOs for short. The topic of GMOs is extremely controversial. There are those who back it one hundred percent, and those who seek to see it destroyed. While much of GMOs’ fame comes from the field of genetically modified foods, it is most certainly not limited to it. A quieter, and perhaps more imaginary field of GMOs has to do with genetically modified pigs. Scientists have been reworking the genes of someRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is one of the most important issues around the world. Genetic engineering is a process where scientists take genes from one species and force it into the DNA of other species. GMO has long been in practice to b reed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable behaviors. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. It involves combining elements of DNA from different sources to create a new DNA moleculeRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1775 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Between 1996 and 2008, US farmers sprayed an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide on GMOs† (Smith). For more than 20 years GMOs have been produced and placed on store shelves; there are many recognized and uncertain hazards that may affect the health of humans and the environment (Ehrenberg). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), although they provide many benefits to the economy and food supply, are associated with numerous environmental implications; there is a noticeable increase of food allergiesRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1525 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are highly embedded into our food systems. The use of GMOs is a subject that is often highly debated. GMOs have been viewed as a way to produce food more efficiently, and to aid in the feeding of our ever growing population. However, there are numerous countries that have placed a ban on the use of these products. Comparing production increases in the U.S. to those countries that have banned the use of GMOs will help to give insight into why these products mayRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )2083 Words   |  9 PagesABSTRACT Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic make-ups have been changed, inserted or deleted into another organisms. While the safety, disadvantages, and public concerns of genetically modified foods has grown significantly with the productivity of the genetic engineered foods. The problem can be solved with stricter regulations for manufacturer from the Food and Drug Administration and U.S Department of Agriculture. Some of many possible solutions to the genetically modifiedRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof? If you are eating anything that was processed more likely than not you’re eating genetically modified organisms (GMO) in some way. This is because â€Å"in the U.S. GMO are in as much as 80% of conventional processed food (Non-GMO project).† A GMO is a â€Å"genetically modified organisms† which can be a plant or animal. What makes them a GMO is that they have been genetically engineered with DN A of another organisms that has a desired trait of some kind. The DNA used can come from other animals and plants

Personal Narrative My Wonderful Class - 1187 Words

Well hello my wonderful class! The teacher bellowed. How s my favorite class doing? Everyone cheers and that s when her eyes land on me. Well look at this class, we have a new student! Everyone turns around to look at me, I awkwardly wave at everyone. Yasmine? I look to my teacher. If you don t mind could you come down and sing for us? I m shocked, I didn t think she ll put me on the spot like that. Uhh I-I m not- I stuttered trying to find the right words to say but in my head I m like hell no! Well Ms. Bowie everyone had to sing in front of the class, if it makes you more comfortable you could sing with someone else. I nod letting her know that I m ok with that. Good, well let s see who will I pick, ahh Mr.†¦show more content†¦I woke up this mornin And heard the TV sayin somethin About disaster in the world and It made me wonder where I m goin When he starts it s as if the class and everything stops, a couple of students gasp in shock, especially the Howard kid. Then I m like what, how can I beat that! There s so much darkness in the world But I see beauty left in you girl And what you give me lets me know That I ll be alright Cause if your love was all I had in this life Well that would be enough until the end of time So rest your weary heart and relax your mind Cause I m gonna love you girl until the end of time You got me singin oh yeah, oh yeah Everybody sing oh yeah Everybody singin oh yeah Now it s me next, taking deep breaths I close my eyes then I open them letting the lyrics spill from my mouth. Now if you re ever wonderin About the way I m feelin Well baby boy there ain t no question Just to be around you is a blessing Sick and tired of tryin to save the world I just wanna spend my time bein your girl And what you give me lets me know That we ll be alright The class cheers as I hit the high note just like Beyoncà © but she totally does it better. Cause if your love was all I had in this life That would be enough until the end of time Rest your weary heart and relax your mind Cause I m gonna love you boy until the end of time Boy you got me singin oh yeah You got me singin oh yeah, yeah Everybody singin Show MoreRelatedBook Review1483 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Show that you care† step. The author also is wonderful at gaining and maintaining the trust of her patients through â€Å"be[ing] sincere, polite, friendly, and engaging† (Du Pre 2017, p 116). She does this by relating to her patients through asking plenty of questions, being open minded, and giving her patients support and comfort. The author at one point states â€Å"In the end, I hope to create a trusting relationship, so even when decisions become tough, my patients see me as an ally in their healthcare†Read MoreThe Most Wonderful Books : Writers On Discovering The Pleasures Of Reading1153 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Superman and Me† by Sherman Alexie first appeared in â€Å"The Most Wonderful Books: Writers on Discovering the pleasures of Reading.† Sherman Alexie is a well-known Native American writer that publishes short stories, novels, and poetry. Out of the three n arratives, I found myself connect with this story more than the others. Alexie tells us about his childhood as an Indian boy that grew up on the Reservation. His father was a big reader so as a kid he’s always had an interest in books and eventuallyRead MoreMy Reading And Writing Skills1484 Words   |  6 PagesI was terrified walking into my third attempt at Engl 1010 this semester. 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There is no way to prove that Invisible was a practicing Existentialist. While I agree that Invisible is searching for himself and there are several overarching Existentialist themes present in the novel, I do not believe that you can call him an ExistentialistRead More Personal Narrative- Daydreaming in Class Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative- Daydreaming There I sat, trying desperately not to drool in the middle of my daydream. Dare I say class was less than interesting and all I could think of was my bed? Instead of daydreaming of a hunky man, or even a bright future paved with a golden road of success, I was dreaming of my bed. It was an ordinary college dorm room bed: you never know how many people actually slept in it, or did something else in it, yet I still find comfort in its lumps and bumps. In the brillianceRead MoreSave A Life After The Vietnamese Eucharistic Youth Movement ( Veym ) At Our Lady Of La Vang Parish1436 Words   |  6 PagesSave A Life I am nearing my 15-year mark of involvement and 2-year mark of service in a group called the Vietnamese Eucharistic Youth Movement (VEYM) at Our Lady of La Vang Parish. Growing up in this youth group, I was taught to touch as many people’s hearts as possible in hopes of bettering society. Being brought up in such a gratifying environment, it was a no brainer that I would, one day, become the counselor that I am today to reciprocate the same love and leadership to the kids that need theRead MoreThe Conference At The Niu Campus Essay1480 Words   |  6 Pages IL. The conference lasted three days, however due to many obligations at my work, school and to my family, I could devote one day and attended to all five sessions at the conference. I got to the NIU conference center at 11:30 a.m. and left a few minutes after 5:00 p.m. The conference offered a wide variety of topics on innovative teaching resources and the newest technologies, which I am certainly going to utilize in my f uture teaching career. The conference began with a keynote speech deliveredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Degrading And De Grading 1170 Words   |  5 Pagesengaged and interested than they are not retaining the information they are being taught. The grading system can also cause students to develop unhealthy competition with one another for instance, â€Å"I got a better grade than you!†. Indeed, grades are a wonderful concept, but they tend to be more hurtful than helpful. In some cases, grades can have positive effects on students. For example, setting goals for various assignments, or receiving help where they are struggling. Though, there are alternatives that

From 1600 to 1877, What Major Events and/or Movements...

From 1600 to 1877, what major events and/or movements contributed to the creation of a unique American identity and/or culture? The American history can be seen as an example of progress, is awesome in every way, as you can see that it took various steps, which was marked by difficulties and major incidents. Consider also that not only was marked by errors, but also by great victories, important in the progress of the nation. The history of the United States contains many stages from 1600 to 1877 like finding their new identity; their independence, the succession war, and the fight for abolishing slavery. All these stages, characterized development in a very strong society, due to the great wars and various changes in the nation.†¦show more content†¦The establishment of slavery in America was used for the economy; it was used since the European settled the colonies in America. The main goal to bring slaves was for them to produce goods, and the source of slavery was from th e African continent. This system was used first by Africans themselves, it had some differences like it was not based on skin color, it was not a permanent status and it was not heritage status. In Africa colonies used to capture weaker colonies and use the captured people and use them as indenture servants, meaning that eventually their status as servants or slaves would end. When slaves were brought to America their status was permanent and their status was based on skin color, so only people of black color would be slaves. As slavery developed the color of skin became important. Once they were captured and sell to the European they were consider property. The transition of being brought from Africa to America was called the middle passage since there what then were slaves started to understand that their status was going to be low. Their treatment since the moment they were in the ship was deplorable; they were punish toShow MoreRelatedHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pages.....................................................10 Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions .......................................................11 Social Work in historical perspective ......................................................................................................................11 2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare Traditions ....................................................11 Three Social WelfareRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Im portant Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesRichard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and OtherRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Education

Principles of Business Management Free Essays

Question 1 The lowest level of social responsibility is best describes the Interface Company’s current operations. There are no tradeoff between social responsibility and profit. Just usually it does pay for gain more. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Business Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Always consider how to get maximal profit. How company to be profitable from the economic activities that always putting on the top issue. And do not care about other organization’s social responsibility. Such as obey laws and regulations by legal, abide by principles of right and wrong at an ethical. In the annual meeting, though not usually at a loss for words, but I was had trouble that answer customers questions about the dangers of the materials and processes used by my company. They doggedly persistent but I was hesitant because I know facts of truth that must do not acceptable as publics. For the Interface Company’s current operations definitely be profitable by economic. As to our carpet product material is petroleum-based material and consumed that bring bad effect which is greenhouse gases emitted. Of course carpet is not recyclable that made by this type of materials. And the old carpet is dumped in a landfill. Here’s to see how unethical, using raw materials from the earth that mean to plunder the Earth’s limited resources. And company do not for environmental protection contribute towards, but to produce non-recyclable products, even waste of land resources and then to landfill waste. You know the Earth’s resources are shared by everyone, also requires common protection. On the other hand, Interface generates of dollars in revenue each year, but, in the manufacturing process, it extracts over 1 billion pounds of raw materials from the earth. That showing usually it does pay for try to gain more. However seem do not reach the aims efficaciously, even easily to be reported potential ethics violations caused by undermine ecological environment in the earth surface layer. During the excavation of raw materials, will destroy the surrounding environment, removing vegetation, water pollution, noise and exhaust gases and so on. Furthermore, production or to explore the same time, if the management of front-line staff lack of supervision, it is easy to occur the matter outside the regulatory approvals, such as pollution and environmental damage assessment is beyond the previously acceptable circumstances; hire illegal workers, employee payroll deductions or benefits employees to work in unsafe conditions and so on. There most overlooked here is the law. Moreover Interface is also a profligate water user, requiring millions of gallons a year for its manufacturing process. That amount of water equivalent to 5. 4 Olympic-size swimming pool. These are just wasting resources activities and only adopting follow old-fashion procedures for economic profitable but also those are not smart strategy on operation at all. Question 2 As explain the Interface Company’s environmental vision to task force. I am going to revolutionize the relationship between the business and environment. So I would like to use the Five P’s of marketing to sustainability in long-term development. That is refers to: People, Product, Place, Profits and Process. First, the most important people in my business are the people who work with and for me. Hiring the right people is one of the most important things. They are the face of your product to the world as well as the hands behind the scene that make sure everything gets done correctly and on time. As a CEO of Interface I must work hard to develop my employees and to manage them with dignity so they want to work for me. Second, I will revolutionize my product. An idea is open two product lines that respectively adopt two materials which are wool and PET to supersede the petroleum-based materials. I am seeking some materials are environmentally preferable. Then wool is matching my required because it compares to petroleum-based Nylon or Polypropylene as a material for carpets as non-harmful. Wool has excellent durability, can be dyed easily for colorful. Global wool production is approximately only 1. 3 million metric ton per year. So there are not allows extracts raw materials from the earth again and destroy the environment. For example: greenhouse gases emit during manufacturing process. I am seeking some materials can to recycle, reduce, reuse and renew. So as a carpet fiber, make using PET (polyethylene terephthalate) that is extrudes from recycled plastic bottles, contain 100 percent post-consumer recycled content. PET bottles are sorted, ground into fine chips, and then cleaned. These chips are then melted and extruded into fiber and spun into carpet yarn. Every part of the plastic bottle is recycled, including the cap, the label, and the bottle. The cap and the label are used to make carpet cores around which the carpet is wrapped. These are reused over and over again, unlike cardboard cores that would typically be discarded. The actual bottle is then used to make the PET carpet fiber. So that, using recyclable material way can stop dumping the old carpet in expensive land resources. Third, Place: This refers to two views: the outlets where I sell my products and establish manufacturing factories. To former I will set store centre in Canada, Europe and Asia-Pacific whole business district because expensive products should be placed in expensive outlets. The latter, I would like to set up manufacturing factories in Mexico, Hungary and Philippines. For the reasons its’ are near target customers that as soon as deliver goods to all store centre. Moreover is near my offices that I can contact easily and keep monitor. Fourth is the profit. It is refer to product factors are necessary decline cost. It is because adopt wool and PET also can abandon extracts raw materials cost and water cost used for not recyclable carpet. Beside, I will get the good-will through to protect environment. In addition, carpet of diversify of two product lines are benefit for company. Wool natural without harmful hazardous substances appears in air. PET is using waste plastic to recycle as to valuable carpet. Refer to place factor, to formulate pricing strategy such as all stores centre is direct marketing that can avoid the carpet cost raise by agents. And establish manufacturing factories in developing countries for decline cost. Moreover is environmental regulations in these countries generally control on low. So that can avoid oppose if set up in more developed countries. Fifth, process takes into account all of the previous P’s to ensure that each customer has a good experience when they do business with Interface. My process includes everything that I did to get my product to the consumer including all of the planning and paperwork and marketing that it took to do it. Such as strict compliance with local environmental regulations, product quality control, new pricing strategies so on. I must also be able to review my procedures to more have to have efficient procedures in place that make my business run as effectively as possible. After revolutionize, there are use easily reenter nature without depositing toxins, also be recyclable into new materials. Net effect on the environment be zero and infinitely recycled during manufacturing process. It take over is use renewable resources and that eliminate all waste steams. According above Five P’s of marketing, Interface can change its processes to be environmentally friendly without compromising the company’s growth. It is absolutely yes developing at environmental vision sustainability. Question3 I would like to create Interface Company’s social responsibility management system and relevant policies and procedures. Develop a system to collect and measure social responsibility performance data in line with internationally recognized standards. Then create a communications platform to engage with our stakeholders, aiming to improve social responsibility strategy reporting. Moreover, participate in a broad range of domestic and global corporate social responsibility events, increase our ability to influence the development of social responsibility and build our reputation as a responsible business. Employees are our greatest asset. So that except select and hire ethical employees, train employees to make ethical decisions in ethical climate. I also will provide support and incentives to encourage employee participation. Add more conventional and post-conventional communion by stages of moral development. Interface Company goal of social responsibility is to encourage the company’s actions toward the positive impact of consumer, community and employee responsibility. Companies involved with social responsibility take action to voluntarily eliminate production practices that could cause harm for the public, regardless of whether here are required by law. For example, a plant that uses chemicals could implement a safety inspection checklist to guide taff in best practices when handling potentially dangerous substances and materials. If factories makes excessive noise and vibration could analyze the effects its work has on the environment by surveying local residents. The information received could be used to adjust activities and develop soundproofing to lessen public exposure to noise pollution. I will start to impl ement our Green Action Plan to reduce energy consumption and manage waste, working with our business partners to build environmentally-friendly practices into our value chain, creating a green industry chain. Through the new carpet of PET, I also helped other industries reduce energy consumption and manage waste, for example recycle industries. Try actively involved in community development. Companies, businesses and corporations concerned with social responsibility align with appropriate institutions to create a better environment to live and work. For example, may set up a foundation to assist in learning or education for the public. This action will be viewed as an asset to all of the communities that it serves, while developing a positive public profile. Interface also needs to involve in philanthropy make monetary contributions that provide aid to local charitable, educational and health-related organizations to assist under-served or impoverished communities. This action can assist people in acquiring marketable skills to reduce poverty, provide education and help the environment. For example, focuses on global initiatives for education, agriculture and health issues, donating computers to schools and those who donated supplies to the disaster. Social development, enterprises can be develop and survive. So that creating shared value for thrive to be profitable and successful businesses. An example of how interact works can be a company-sponsored contest involving a project to improve the management and access of water used by a farming community, to foster public health. Interface Companies that engage in socially responsible investing use positioning to exert pressure on businesses to adopt socially responsible behavior themselves. Should be creates an educational dialogue for the public by developing social community awareness. That can use media and Internet distribution to expose the potentially harmful activities of organizations. This kind of collective activism can be affective in reaching social education and awareness goals. Integrating a social awareness strategy into the business model can also aid companies in monitoring active compliance with ethical business standards and applicable laws. I will ensure our business grows in harmony with society. Ensuring our technology is widely accessible and applied in ways that benefit society. I will: To further expand our business coverage and delivers efficiently and extend to remote regions. Develop a diverse set of products and services that satisfy our customer needs. Create a secure and healthy environment for customers. Help those in need by supporting poverty alleviation and education. Contribute to the overall advancement of society and culture. Words: 1860 References Residential Carpet Tile | Simply Green | Environmentally Friendly Flooring: http://www. simplygreencarpet. com/index_files/Page1652. htm everSTRAND: http://www. carpet-inspectors-experts. com/everstrand-smartstrand. htm Carpet – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Carpet#Modern_carpeting_and_installation Wool – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wool Polyethylene terephthalate – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate#cite_note-16 Carpet. org – Recycled/PET Carpet: http://www. carpet. org/recycled-PET Main Page – Carpet Concept Company Limited: http://www. ca rpetconcept. com. hk/? main Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and Boards of Director: http://www. exed. hbs. edu/assets/Documents/board-responsibility. pdf How to cite Principles of Business Management, Essay examples

Solutions For Real-Life Strategic Problem - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSolutions For Real-Life Strategic Problem for Services. Answer: Introduction The media plays a significant role in enhancing positive or negative publicity of business organizations. As much as business organizations would opt that their image be portrayed in a positive way to the public by the media organizations, they should also realize that the media is not expected to be biased. The role of the media is to create awareness to the citizens with regards to practices and activities that directly and indirectly affect them. The activities of business organizations are in every sense a concern of the public given the provision that the citizens obtain consumer goods and services from these business organizations. Due to this, the public is entitled to be offered with any kind of information relating to both the good and the bad business practices of the organizations which serve them. This report will identify one business organization in Australia that has been featured in the Australian media in a negative light; it will then seek to come up with findings r elating to the cause of the negative publicity portrayed by the Australian media and the various ways in which this problem(s) can be solved. The Sunstate Airlines The Sunstate Airlines is currently being tarnished by bad press not only in the Australian media but in the other international media networks as well. The cause of the negative media portrayal obtained by this organization can be divided into two categories. The first category constitutes the initial reason that led to the occurrence of the whole scandal. The company is being accused of overbooking and allegedly mistreating a passenger (Hill 2017). Overbooking involves taking in a larger number of passengers than the airline can possibly accommodate. Overbooking is a quite common phenomenon among most international airlines. In most cases, it is usually blamed on system failure or incompetent workforce. However, the results of Sunstate Airlines overbooking scandal have cost this organization a great deal of reputation (Kennedy 2017). In similar vein, the positive perception this airline had from its customers and even competitors has quickly faded away. Scope of the problem On the April of 2017, the airline is reported to have overbooked flight 3411 and this resulted in the employees forcing some passengers out of the plane. This incident was all over the media houses and news platforms both in Australia and all over the world where the organization serves. The media avers that soon as the passengers had settled in the plane and they were ready for takeoff, the airlines management announced that the number of passengers present was more than the plane could accommodate. The plane was allegedly in excess by four passengers (Barron 2017, p. 23). As such, the company required that four passengers had to step out. What the other passengers could not understand was the fact that all the seats were well occupied and there was no one left standing without a place to sit. In response to this confusion conveyed by the flights management, the company announced that the excess passengers were its employees who were commuting to work. It was on a Sunday evening and therefore, the likelihood that a greater percentage of the passengers were going to work the following morning was very high (Nicas 2012). What the passengers could not understand was why four of them had to give up their flights to work, for a bunch of late individuals who were also going to work just because these individuals were apparently employees of this airline. Besides, there were no rules that supported the proposition that passengers who had made earlier bookings were entitled to give up their flights for the airlines employees no matter how important they are. This situation started with an individual from Sunstate Airlines announcing that four passengers would have to give up their flights or else, United will rely on its computers to randomly select the four passengers. This decision was made after the company offered to give each of the passengers who would be willing to give up their flights $800 and none of them accepted this offer (Waldmeir 2017). In normal sense, $800 may seem like a fair deal, but when the passengers realized that it could mean missing a full days work without a compelling excuse, they bailed out on the offer. The strategy that the company proposed to do in regards to using the computers to select four random passengers to leave the airline is very unfair and unprofessional. The video that has already gone viral online shows that a man, who was later confirmed to be a doctor, was one of the people who were selected to leave their seats. He however, refused to leave his seat claiming that he had patients to see the next morning. The drama that followed after the doctor refused to give up his acts as a basis of what has really placed Sunstate Airlines at the front row of negative publicity in the media (Powley Buck 2017, p 4). The company allegedly called its officers to the scene; the officers violently removed the doctor from the fight. The doctor goes by the name Mrs. Smith. He was literally dragged from his seat. The worst part about this incidence is that this was an old man reportedly, 69 years old who was getting treated like a rogue murderer. In the process of being dragged from his seat, the doctor was screaming from under his seat. The dragging was so severe to the extent that he ended up breaking his nose and losing two of his front teeth. The Australian media states that Mrs. Smith was rammed on his armrest so hard while being dragged and all this time, the other passengers were taking videos of the scenario. Considering the effects of negative publicity to a business organization, the main problem does not involve the actual incidence that caused the negative media publicity. Instead, the actual problem stems from the consequences of the organizations actions. The profits recorded by this firm went to a sharp decline within a very short period of time after the incidence gained public attention (Dye 2017). For instance, the shares in the airlines parent company have plummeted ever since by close to $1 billion. Other consequences include a boycott threat from Australian flyers, a parody commercial from various Australias late night talk shows and most importantly, a lawsuit from Mrs. Smith. Methodology In order for the media to publish any negative content about an organization for the public to view and read, there has to be sufficient evidence. There are numerous media platforms in Australia which have taken it upon themselves to conduct extensive research with regards to the situation involving Mrs. Smith and the Sunstate Airlines. The collection of the information on what transpired on that Sunday evening was mainly done through interviews with the passengers who were in the flight at that time. A total of 20 respondents were interviewed. Each of them gave their own account of what happened. In the findings, the media organizations established that the storylines were all basically the same. However, they did not fail to point out some of the evidence provided by the respondents that was a little bit exaggerated maybe in a bid to punish the Airlines for their vulgar behavior as pointed out by Dye and Samson (2017, p. 89). It should however, be noted that only the legit evidence collected was used for the prosecution of the company on the media networks. In order to justify the negative publicity and to ensure that the evidence collected was reliable, Australian media companies took the necessary legislations into consideration. For instance, the grounds for the release of the recorded videos of the doctor being dragged out of his seat in the flight in national television were evaluated under the constitutional laws. They did this in order to make it certain to the public that this was not an attack on the company (Mann 2014). Instead, this was an effort by the media Australia media companies in trying to protect the public against bad organizational practices such as the ones that were conducted by the employees of the company. Findings The findings exhibit that the incident actually happened. The CEO of the company apologized for this incidence. In a statement to the press, he said that no one deserves the kind of treatment that Mrs. Smith was accorded on the fateful Sunday evening. Unfortunately for him, no sufficient amount of apology could take back the losses that were then being experienced by this organization and more so, the parent company. Not only did this situation affect the companys bid of maximizing its profits but it also affect the airline industry in general (Mann 2014, p. 67). The reason for this is because the video added the potential for even harsher indignity conducted on flight passenger. This comes amidst the activities of airline organizations trying to maximize their profits from baggage fees, seat reservations among other common services included after one has paid for the plane ticket. As a confirmation that the incidence actually happened, a statement from Mrs. Smiths lawyers came in late Tuesday the same week that the victim was in a Chicago-area hospital. He was then receiving treatment for the injuries he suffered as a result of the brutal attack by the security guards. Numerous stakeholders are involved in the social media campaign against the company. The Chinese government for instance, has conveyed its disappointment about this matter given the consideration that Mrs. Smith appeared to be Asian. In Australia, Sunstate Airlines customers transmitted pictures of their torn United Loyalty or credit cards on social media. Recommendations The recommendations can be seen as the proposed solution to what Sunsete Airlines is currently going through as far as bad publicity is concerned. In a statement issued by the CEO of the airline, Oscar Munoz, the apology does not touch on the brutality suffered by the doctor under the hands of the organizations employees. Instead, the CEO was in a way defending the company. In light of this realization, this project strongly recommends that the CEO of Sunset Airlines offers a personal apology memo to Mrs. Smith on behalf of the whole organization (Groh 2014). Doing this implies that the airline actually cares about its customers safety and acquisition of quality flight services as opposed to the need to maximize profits exclusively. Another recommendation is that new rules should be deployed to curb the airlines practice of overbooking flights. These rules will state the penalties of engaging in flight overbooking. As it may be expected, no one would want to get punished for what can clearly be avoided (Liu 2015). These rules will as such, impede Sunsete Airlines as well as other airlines in practicing such a vice. At the end, there will be reduced or zero incidences of passengers who had already booked and paid for their flights being inconvenienced by having to reschedule. Improving the airlines performance with specific focus on customer relations constitutes the third recommendation for countering the problem suffered by the company and most importantly, the passengers. There are numerous ways in which this can be done. As an initial strategy, the airlines management should probably consider laying down the security personnel who perpetrated the crime or better still, transferring them to a different department (Goldman Scott 2016). It can be expected that the airlines current and potential customers have already developed some kind of phobia for those guards and letting them stay will not make things any better; besides, what they did was very inhumane. Improving customer relations will, hence, reduce the chances of similar incidences occurring in future (Abreu Pederzini 2016, p. 89). Should these recommendations be implemented, the airline will stand a chance of gaining back its good reputation, and win a positive perception from its customers and the world as a whole. Conclusion Social media plays a vital role in the identification of the flaws that exist in offering quality services and care to organizations customers. This has clearly been seen in the case study involving Sunsete Airlines and a one Mrs. Smith. It is important for business organizations to implement business practices that are in the best interest of the customers served. Failure to do this might result in devastating consequences such as the ones suffered by the company. However, it cannot possibly be expected that in the process of running business organizations problems will not arise. It is thus, recommended that the organizations take swift action towards the implementation of the proposed solutions to the developed problems. This will in turn ensure that business entities remain relevant in the face of the public as portrayed by social media sites. Finally, organizations should avoid underestimate the power of the social media like the Airlines management did. List of References Abreu Pederzini, G.D. 2016, "Strategic management cultures: historical connections with science", Journal of Management History, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 214-235. Air rage; United Airlines 2017, The Economist Intelligence Unit N.A., Incorporated, London. Dye, J. Samson, A. 2017, "Sunstate Continental makes ground despite dip in key traffic metric",FT.com, . Dye, J. 2017, "The Australian Airlines suspends automatic promotion of Munoz to chairman", FT.com, . Goldman, E. Scott, A.R. 2016, "Competency models for assessing strategic thinking", Journal of Strategy and Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 258-280. Groh, M. 2014, Strategic Management in Times of Crisis, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, St.Louis. Hill, A. 2017, "Twitter as a co-op? It is a dream that is worthy of consideration", FT.com, . Kennedy, M. 2017, After Viral Scandals, Airline Bumping Rates Hit Historic Lows, NPR,Washington. Liu, Q. 2015, "Research on Strategic Cost Management in Modern Enterprises", Management Engineering, , no. 21, pp. 32-35. Mann, T. 2014, Airline Says Newark Fees Are Sky High, Eastern edition edn, New York, N.Y. Mann, T. 2014, Sunstate Airlines Cuts Its Service to Atlantic City; Gov. Chris Christie Touted the Carrier's Arrival Only Seven Months Ago, New York, N.Y. Nicas, J. 2012, A Stingy Spirit Lifts Airline's Profit, Eastern edition edn, New York, N.Y. Powley, T. Buck, T. 2017, "BAs reputation on line as cost cuts questioned", FT.com. United Continental: What Customer Service Scandal? -- Barron's Blog 2017, New York. Waldmeir, P. 2017, "Sunstate Airlines settles with abused passenger for undisclosed amount", FT.com.